Arizona Bark ScorpionCited field reference
Sources

References

Direct answer

Every factual statement on this site carries a numbered citation to one of the sources below. Tier 1 sources are peer-reviewed research, university Cooperative Extension, government agencies, poison centers, and FDA labelling. Tier 2 sources are established institutions, health systems, museums, and major publishers used for context. No commercial pest-control content is cited as an authority.

By Devon "The Scorpion Guy" at ArizonaBarkScorpion.orgPublished 2026-09-12Last reviewed 2026-09-12Editorial policy

Tier 1: peer-reviewed, extension, government, poison centers

  1. Agnew J, Bowers K, Bundy S, Romero A. Distribution, biology, and management of medically relevant bark scorpions, with emphasis on Centruroides sculpturatus. Journal of Integrated Pest Management 17(1), 2026. academic.oup.com/jipm/article/17/1/pmag029/8724371
  2. Gouge DH, Li S, Bibbs C, Nair S. Scorpions of the Desert Southwest United States. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, publication AZ1768, 2018. acis.cals.arizona.edu/community-ipm/community-ipm-output/publications/publications-view/scorpions-of-the-desert-southwest-united-states
  3. University of Arizona ACIS Community IPM. Scorpions (Public Health IPM). acis.cals.arizona.edu/community-ipm/public-health-ipm/scorpions
  4. Schalau J. Scorpions. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Backyard Gardener #184, June 13, 2024. www.extension.arizona.edu/sites/extension.arizona.edu/files/attachment/Scorpions.pdf
  5. Burr KG, Dale AP, Roland M, Schmid K, Sunenshine R, Brooks DE. Bark Scorpion Envenomation Capture-Recapture Estimate in Maricopa County, Arizona, 2017-2021. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 2025. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40742803/
  6. Bennett BK, Boesen KJ, Welch SA, Kang AM. Study of Factors Contributing to Scorpion Envenomation in Arizona. Journal of Medical Toxicology 15(1):30-35, 2018. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6314927/
  7. Kang AM, Brooks DE. Nationwide Scorpion Exposures Reported to US Poison Control Centers from 2005 to 2015. Journal of Medical Toxicology 13(2), 2017. link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13181-016-0594-0
  8. Kang AM, Brooks DE. Geographic Distribution of Scorpion Exposures in the United States, 2010-2015. American Journal of Public Health 107(12):1958-1963, 2017. ideas.repec.org/a/aph/ajpbhl/10.2105-ajph.2017.304094_7.html
  9. Bibbs CS, Bengston SE, Gouge DH. Exploration of Refuge Preference in the Arizona Bark Scorpion (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Environmental Entomology 43(5), 2014. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25203773/
  10. Boyer LV, Theodorou AA, Berg RA, et al. Antivenom for Critically Ill Children with Neurotoxicity from Scorpion Stings. New England Journal of Medicine 360(20):2090-2098, 2009. www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa0808455
  11. He Y, et al. Deciphering Scorpion Toxin-Induced Pain. International Journal of Biological Sciences 21(7):2921-2934, 2025. www.ijbs.com/v21p2921.pdf
  12. Webber MM, Graham MR. An Arizona Bark Scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) Found Consuming a Venomous Prey Item Nearly Twice Its Length. Western North American Naturalist 73(4), 2013. bioone.org/journals/western-north-american-naturalist/volume-73/issue-4/064.073.0406/An-Arizona-Bark-Scorpion-Centruroides-sculpturatus-Found-Consuming-a-Venomous/10.3398/064.073.0406.short
  13. Los Angeles County Agricultural Commissioner / Weights and Measures. Arizona Bark Scorpion (Centruroides sculpturatus) identification bulletin, 2008. file.lacounty.gov/SDSInter/acwm/215638_ArizonaBarkScorpion.pdf
  14. Arizona Department of Agriculture. Scorpions (Household Pests). agriculture.az.gov/pests-pest-control/household-pests/scorpions
  15. National Park Service, Grand Canyon National Park. Bark Scorpion. Updated April 2025. www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/bark-scorpion.htm
  16. Arizona State Parks. Arizona Scorpions. azstateparks.com/arizona-scorpions
  17. Arizona Poison and Drug Information Center (Poison Help 1-800-222-1222). azpoison.com/
  18. Anascorp (Centruroides immune F(ab')2 equine injection): prescribing information and sting guidance. Rare Disease Therapeutics. www.anascorp-us.com/
  19. Natwick ET, Flint ML. Scorpions. UC Statewide IPM Program Pest Notes, updated 2011. ipm.ucanr.edu/home-and-landscape/scorpions/

Tier 2: institutions, health systems, museums, reference works

  1. Ruha A-M, MD. What You Need to Know About Scorpion Stings. University of Arizona Health Sciences, June 12, 2023. healthsciences.arizona.edu/news/blog/what-you-need-know-about-scorpion-stings
  2. Banner Health Poison and Drug Information. Bark Scorpions. www.bannerhealth.com/services/poison-drug-information/desert-critters/bark-scorpions
  3. Seattle Children's Hospital. Scorpion Sting (expert reviewers Ruha A-M, MD; Kang M, MD). Reviewed May 1, 2025. www.seattlechildrens.org/conditions/a-z/scorpion-sting/
  4. Grigsby A, DO. Bark Scorpion Stings. American Academy of Emergency Medicine Resident and Student Association, 2017. www.aaemrsa.org/bark-scorpion-stings/
  5. Mayo Clinic. Scorpion stings: symptoms and causes; diagnosis and treatment. www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scorpion-stings/symptoms-causes/syc-20353859
  6. Arizona State University, Ask A Biologist. Ultraviolet Scorpions. askabiologist.asu.edu/ultraviolet-scorpion
  7. Putnam C. Not So Scary Scorpions. Arizona State University, Ask A Biologist, 2009. askabiologist.asu.edu/explore/not-so-scary-scorpions
  8. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Animal Fact Sheet: Bark Scorpion. www.desertmuseum.org/kids/oz/long-fact-sheets/Bark%20Scorp.php
  9. Keener L. Scram! Begone, Scorpion Myths! Bay Nature, October 27, 2022. baynature.org/2022/10/27/spooky-scary-scorpions-actually-not-so-much-you-arent-worth-the-venom/
  10. Wikipedia contributors. Arizona bark scorpion. Wikipedia (cross-reference; consult its citations for primary sources). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_bark_scorpion
  11. Flinn Foundation. FDA grants approval to scorpion antivenom tested by UA team, 2011. www.flinn.org/fda-grants-approval-to-scorpion-antivenom-tested-by-ua-team/
  12. iNaturalist. Centruroides sculpturatus taxon page and observation map. www.inaturalist.org/taxa/143985-Centruroides-sculpturatus
  13. National Geographic. Why do scorpions glow in the dark (and could their whole bodies be one big eye)? www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/why-do-scorpions-glow-in-the-dark-and-could-their-whole-bodies-be-one-big-eye
  14. Pet Poison Helpline. Scorpions. www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/scorpions/
  15. Wikipedia (es). Centruroides sculpturatus. es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centruroides_sculpturatus

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